{
  "apiVersion": "v1",
  "methodology": "https://sourcescore.org/methodology/",
  "canonical": "https://sourcescore.org/claims/ee150c6e44364a3d/",
  "claim": {
    "vertical": "ai-ml",
    "subject": "ELMo (Embeddings from Language Models)",
    "predicate": "introduced_in_paper",
    "object": "Deep contextualized word representations (Peters et al., 2018)",
    "confidence": 1,
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.05365",
        "title": "Deep contextualized word representations",
        "publisher": "arXiv (Peters, Neumann, Iyyer, Gardner, Clark, Lee, Zettlemoyer)",
        "publishedDate": "2018-02-15",
        "accessedDate": "2026-05-16",
        "type": "preprint",
        "excerpt": "We introduce a new type of deep contextualized word representation that models both (1) complex characteristics of word use (e.g., syntax and semantics), and (2) how these uses vary across linguistic contexts (i.e., to model polysemy)."
      },
      {
        "url": "https://aclanthology.org/N18-1202/",
        "title": "Deep contextualized word representations (NAACL 2018)",
        "publisher": "ACL Anthology",
        "publishedDate": "2018-06-01",
        "accessedDate": "2026-05-16",
        "type": "peer-reviewed"
      }
    ],
    "publishedAt": "2026-05-16T00:00:00Z",
    "lastVerified": "2026-05-16",
    "methodologyVersion": "veritas-v0.1",
    "tags": [
      "elmo",
      "word-embeddings",
      "contextualized",
      "foundational",
      "2018",
      "naacl"
    ],
    "id": "ee150c6e44364a3d",
    "statement": "ELMo (Embeddings from Language Models) introduced in paper: Deep contextualized word representations (Peters et al., 2018)."
  },
  "signature": {
    "algorithm": "HMAC-SHA256",
    "signedBy": "did:web:sourcescore.org",
    "signedAt": "2026-05-16T00:00:00.000Z",
    "signature": "1e5dba511e42fc844a1f274c0e92f50013b66772ac42cc0c0c4ecc4ef20d8a00"
  },
  "citedAs": "ELMo (Embeddings from Language Models) introduced in paper: Deep contextualized word representations (Peters et al., 2018). — SourceScore Claim ee150c6e44364a3d (verified 2026-05-16, signed 1e5dba51…). https://sourcescore.org/claims/ee150c6e44364a3d/"
}