https://sourcescore.org/claims/ Signed, sourced, citable AI/ML claims. Each item has 2+ primary sources and an HMAC-SHA256 signature. New claims are added regularly; subscribe to follow. en-US Sat, 16 May 2026 15:16:06 GMT scripts/generate-claims-rss.mjs https://sourcescore.org/claims/ad17e76a8baad7a1/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/ad17e76a8baad7a1/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Transformer architecture introduced in paper: Attention Is All You Need (Vaswani et al., 2017). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 3 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/ad17e76a8baad7a1.json. transformer, attention, foundational, vaswani, 2017, nips https://sourcescore.org/claims/67866330cd60e54d/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/67866330cd60e54d/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) introduced in paper: Deep Reinforcement Learning from Human Preferences (Christiano et al., 2017). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 3 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/67866330cd60e54d.json. rlhf, alignment, foundational, christiano, 2017, nips https://sourcescore.org/claims/d15057ced937a103/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/d15057ced937a103/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) introduced in paper: Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks (Lewis et al., 2020). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/d15057ced937a103.json. rag, retrieval, foundational, lewis, 2020, nips, facebook https://sourcescore.org/claims/d7b97d1b93d8d8bc/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/d7b97d1b93d8d8bc/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) introduced in paper: LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models (Hu et al., 2021). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/d7b97d1b93d8d8bc.json. lora, fine-tuning, foundational, hu, 2021, microsoft https://sourcescore.org/claims/a3e691683a4577af/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/a3e691683a4577af/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) introduced in paper: Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Model (Rafailov et al., 2023). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/a3e691683a4577af.json. dpo, alignment, foundational, rafailov, 2023, nips, stanford https://sourcescore.org/claims/ba1eb83c14795107/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/ba1eb83c14795107/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Constitutional AI (CAI) introduced in paper: Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback (Bai et al., 2022). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/ba1eb83c14795107.json. constitutional-ai, alignment, anthropic, 2022, bai https://sourcescore.org/claims/5da8f8dffc038b8e/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/5da8f8dffc038b8e/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT InstructGPT methodology introduced in paper: Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback (Ouyang et al., 2022). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/5da8f8dffc038b8e.json. instructgpt, alignment, openai, 2022, ouyang, rlhf https://sourcescore.org/claims/e120182d1e01ea2b/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/e120182d1e01ea2b/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT FlashAttention introduced in paper: FlashAttention: Fast and Memory-Efficient Exact Attention with IO-Awareness (Dao et al., 2022). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/e120182d1e01ea2b.json. flash-attention, performance, dao, 2022, stanford https://sourcescore.org/claims/85a3ca745eaf4ee0/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/85a3ca745eaf4ee0/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining) introduced in paper: Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision (Radford et al., 2021). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/85a3ca745eaf4ee0.json. clip, multimodal, vision, radford, 2021, openai https://sourcescore.org/claims/8d653880c519a8ef/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/8d653880c519a8ef/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT ChatGPT released on: 2022-11-30. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/8d653880c519a8ef.json. chatgpt, openai, release, 2022, gpt-3.5 https://sourcescore.org/claims/09eea8fb1a8ccebf/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/09eea8fb1a8ccebf/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT GPT-4 released on: 2023-03-14. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/09eea8fb1a8ccebf.json. gpt-4, openai, release, 2023 https://sourcescore.org/claims/26314e3164e18b24/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/26314e3164e18b24/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT GPT-4 Turbo context window tokens: 128000. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/26314e3164e18b24.json. gpt-4-turbo, context, openai, 128k, devday https://sourcescore.org/claims/bd065b91ca6e880b/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/bd065b91ca6e880b/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT GPT-4o released on: 2024-05-13. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 1 primary source. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/bd065b91ca6e880b.json. gpt-4o, openai, release, 2024, multimodal https://sourcescore.org/claims/9fc5fb203abbf250/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/9fc5fb203abbf250/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Claude 3.5 Sonnet released on: 2024-06-20. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 1 primary source. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/9fc5fb203abbf250.json. claude-3.5, sonnet, anthropic, release, 2024 https://sourcescore.org/claims/565df27fc8b75ef0/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/565df27fc8b75ef0/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Claude 3 Opus context window tokens: 200000. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/565df27fc8b75ef0.json. claude-3, opus, anthropic, context, 200k https://sourcescore.org/claims/34dd74941bc7bd48/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/34dd74941bc7bd48/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Llama 2 released on: 2023-07-18. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/34dd74941bc7bd48.json. llama-2, meta, release, 2023, open-weights https://sourcescore.org/claims/a55484ab8b4bdf4e/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/a55484ab8b4bdf4e/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Llama 3.1 released on: 2024-07-23. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/a55484ab8b4bdf4e.json. llama-3.1, meta, release, 2024, open-weights, 405b https://sourcescore.org/claims/282b0523eefd9afd/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/282b0523eefd9afd/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Llama 3.1 405B parameter count: 405000000000. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/282b0523eefd9afd.json. llama-3.1, parameters, 405b, meta https://sourcescore.org/claims/410aec4f418f2b11/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/410aec4f418f2b11/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Mixtral 8x7B released on: 2023-12-11. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 95%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/410aec4f418f2b11.json. mixtral, mistral, release, 2023, moe, sparse https://sourcescore.org/claims/ad79b14fafb362cd/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/ad79b14fafb362cd/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Mixtral 8x7B architecture: Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (8 experts × 7B params, 2 experts routed per token). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/ad79b14fafb362cd.json. mixtral, moe, architecture, mistral https://sourcescore.org/claims/e2a6019bd2ce5c97/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/e2a6019bd2ce5c97/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Gemini Pro released on: 2023-12-06. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 1 primary source. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/e2a6019bd2ce5c97.json. gemini, google, release, 2023 https://sourcescore.org/claims/a3ebbaed14bd83d0/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/a3ebbaed14bd83d0/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Whisper released on: 2022-09-21. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/a3ebbaed14bd83d0.json. whisper, openai, speech, asr, release, 2022 https://sourcescore.org/claims/dc53356a0a39c8de/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/dc53356a0a39c8de/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Anthropic founded in: 2021. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/dc53356a0a39c8de.json. anthropic, company, founded, 2021 https://sourcescore.org/claims/64a2379efebe62ee/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/64a2379efebe62ee/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT OpenAI founded in: 2015. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/64a2379efebe62ee.json. openai, company, founded, 2015 https://sourcescore.org/claims/db8e97f3583db317/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/db8e97f3583db317/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Mistral AI founded in: 2023. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 1 primary source. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/db8e97f3583db317.json. mistral, company, founded, 2023 https://sourcescore.org/claims/0e28201946131976/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/0e28201946131976/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Hugging Face founded in: 2016. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/0e28201946131976.json. hugging-face, company, founded, 2016 https://sourcescore.org/claims/4c1ee70007dc89c1/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/4c1ee70007dc89c1/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) introduced in paper: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (Devlin et al., 2018). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/4c1ee70007dc89c1.json. bert, foundational, devlin, 2018, google, nlp https://sourcescore.org/claims/859551dc078c46f8/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/859551dc078c46f8/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT GPT-2 introduced in paper: Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners (Radford et al., 2019). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/859551dc078c46f8.json. gpt-2, foundational, openai, radford, 2019 https://sourcescore.org/claims/4f55f77c4bfb316e/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/4f55f77c4bfb316e/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT ResNet (Residual Networks) introduced in paper: Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition (He et al., 2015). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/4f55f77c4bfb316e.json. resnet, foundational, vision, he, 2015, microsoft, cvpr https://sourcescore.org/claims/ef28341c3b308737/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/ef28341c3b308737/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT T5 (Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer) introduced in paper: Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer (Raffel et al., 2019). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/ef28341c3b308737.json. t5, foundational, transfer-learning, raffel, 2019, google https://sourcescore.org/claims/2d6d7f61f1db6493/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/2d6d7f61f1db6493/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Sparsely-Gated Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) introduced in paper: Outrageously Large Neural Networks: The Sparsely-Gated Mixture-of-Experts Layer (Shazeer et al., 2017). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 1 primary source. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/2d6d7f61f1db6493.json. moe, foundational, shazeer, 2017, google https://sourcescore.org/claims/3d9c14b9379038c9/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/3d9c14b9379038c9/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Switch Transformer introduced in paper: Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity (Fedus et al., 2021). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/3d9c14b9379038c9.json. switch-transformer, moe, foundational, fedus, 2021, google https://sourcescore.org/claims/8befcae6bce01a95/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/8befcae6bce01a95/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Chinchilla scaling laws introduced in paper: Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models (Hoffmann et al., 2022). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/8befcae6bce01a95.json. chinchilla, scaling-laws, foundational, hoffmann, 2022, deepmind, nips https://sourcescore.org/claims/00f224e1ccc158ef/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/00f224e1ccc158ef/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) introduced in paper: Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms (Schulman et al., 2017). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/00f224e1ccc158ef.json. ppo, reinforcement-learning, foundational, schulman, 2017, openai, rlhf https://sourcescore.org/claims/3518f8aa40cb0d36/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/3518f8aa40cb0d36/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Mamba state-space model introduced in paper: Mamba: Linear-Time Sequence Modeling with Selective State Spaces (Gu, Dao, 2023). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/3518f8aa40cb0d36.json. mamba, state-space, foundational, gu, dao, 2023 https://sourcescore.org/claims/3af924da138ff84c/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/3af924da138ff84c/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Chain-of-Thought prompting introduced in paper: Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models (Wei et al., 2022). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/3af924da138ff84c.json. chain-of-thought, cot, prompting, foundational, wei, 2022, google, nips https://sourcescore.org/claims/dffbe905003cc581/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/dffbe905003cc581/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Adam optimizer introduced in paper: Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization (Kingma, Ba, 2014). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/dffbe905003cc581.json. adam, optimizer, foundational, kingma, 2014, iclr https://sourcescore.org/claims/98b6e774be89d967/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/98b6e774be89d967/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT AlexNet introduced in paper: ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (Krizhevsky, Sutskever, Hinton, 2012). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/98b6e774be89d967.json. alexnet, foundational, vision, krizhevsky, hinton, 2012, nips, imagenet https://sourcescore.org/claims/5ce2e90fafdca0c2/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/5ce2e90fafdca0c2/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Llama 1 released on: 2023-02-24. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/5ce2e90fafdca0c2.json. llama-1, meta, release, 2023 https://sourcescore.org/claims/5f599876b3dd19b3/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/5f599876b3dd19b3/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Llama 3 released on: 2024-04-18. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/5f599876b3dd19b3.json. llama-3, meta, release, 2024, open-weights https://sourcescore.org/claims/e4581034693f4584/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/e4581034693f4584/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Llama 3 70B parameter count: 70000000000. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/e4581034693f4584.json. llama-3, parameters, 70b, meta https://sourcescore.org/claims/99340a18716a44fb/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/99340a18716a44fb/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Claude 3 family (Opus, Sonnet, Haiku) released on: 2024-03-04. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 1 primary source. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/99340a18716a44fb.json. claude-3, opus, sonnet, haiku, anthropic, release, 2024 https://sourcescore.org/claims/b55da789dba1c76b/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/b55da789dba1c76b/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Gemini 1.5 Pro announced on: 2024-02-15. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 1 primary source. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/b55da789dba1c76b.json. gemini-1.5, google, announcement, 2024 https://sourcescore.org/claims/2d5a5dc30e7f6f02/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/2d5a5dc30e7f6f02/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Mistral 7B released on: 2023-09-27. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 3 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/2d5a5dc30e7f6f02.json. mistral-7b, mistral, release, 2023, open-weights https://sourcescore.org/claims/f6f333228f224df2/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/f6f333228f224df2/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stable Diffusion 1.0 released on: 2022-08-22. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/f6f333228f224df2.json. stable-diffusion, stability-ai, release, 2022, image-generation https://sourcescore.org/claims/ce5275632f16109a/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/ce5275632f16109a/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT DALL-E 3 announced on: 2023-09-20. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 1 primary source. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/ce5275632f16109a.json. dall-e-3, openai, image-generation, 2023 https://sourcescore.org/claims/5697b2a15693e6c0/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/5697b2a15693e6c0/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Sora (OpenAI video generation model) announced on: 2024-02-15. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 1 primary source. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/5697b2a15693e6c0.json. sora, openai, video-generation, 2024 https://sourcescore.org/claims/461dd4dbccd9038d/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/461dd4dbccd9038d/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT ChatGPT Plus launched on: 2023-02-01. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 1 primary source. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/461dd4dbccd9038d.json. chatgpt-plus, openai, subscription, launch, 2023 https://sourcescore.org/claims/1ca2cc2864dfb376/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/1ca2cc2864dfb376/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT GPT-3 parameter count: 175000000000. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/1ca2cc2864dfb376.json. gpt-3, openai, parameters, 175b, brown, 2020 https://sourcescore.org/claims/d23bd1687a3ea44a/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/d23bd1687a3ea44a/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stability AI founded in: 2019. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 95%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/d23bd1687a3ea44a.json. stability-ai, company, founded, 2019 https://sourcescore.org/claims/25a8f486a0947790/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/25a8f486a0947790/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT DeepMind acquired by google on: 2014-01-26. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 95%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/25a8f486a0947790.json. deepmind, google, acquisition, 2014, company https://sourcescore.org/claims/045e628def62181d/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/045e628def62181d/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT ImageNet dataset introduced in paper: ImageNet: A Large-Scale Hierarchical Image Database (Deng et al., 2009). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/045e628def62181d.json. imagenet, dataset, vision, foundational, fei-fei-li, 2009, cvpr https://sourcescore.org/claims/d3681b0981e0b700/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/d3681b0981e0b700/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Vision Transformer (ViT) introduced in paper: An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale (Dosovitskiy et al., 2020). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/d3681b0981e0b700.json. vit, vision-transformer, foundational, dosovitskiy, 2020, google, iclr https://sourcescore.org/claims/477bc19212addf9a/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/477bc19212addf9a/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT AlphaFold 2 published in paper: Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold (Jumper et al., 2021). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/477bc19212addf9a.json. alphafold, deepmind, biology, 2021, nature, protein https://sourcescore.org/claims/5b0c0612bd9e55b0/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/5b0c0612bd9e55b0/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) introduced in paper: Generative Adversarial Networks (Goodfellow et al., 2014). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/5b0c0612bd9e55b0.json. gan, foundational, goodfellow, 2014, nips, generative https://sourcescore.org/claims/62789e45973ab631/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/62789e45973ab631/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Variational Autoencoder (VAE) introduced in paper: Auto-Encoding Variational Bayes (Kingma, Welling, 2013). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/62789e45973ab631.json. vae, foundational, kingma, welling, 2013, iclr, generative https://sourcescore.org/claims/e700f81fff6f38c7/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/e700f81fff6f38c7/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models (DDPM) introduced in paper: Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models (Ho, Jain, Abbeel, 2020). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/e700f81fff6f38c7.json. ddpm, diffusion, foundational, ho, 2020, nips, image-generation https://sourcescore.org/claims/4978f76d228a3db1/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/4978f76d228a3db1/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Word2Vec introduced in paper: Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space (Mikolov et al., 2013). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/4978f76d228a3db1.json. word2vec, embeddings, foundational, mikolov, 2013, google, nlp https://sourcescore.org/claims/e942c93d70a4dab2/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/e942c93d70a4dab2/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE) for Neural Machine Translation introduced in paper: Neural Machine Translation of Rare Words with Subword Units (Sennrich et al., 2015). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/e942c93d70a4dab2.json. bpe, tokenization, foundational, sennrich, 2015, acl, nmt https://sourcescore.org/claims/428d754e7c651be6/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/428d754e7c651be6/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT MMLU benchmark introduced in paper: Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding (Hendrycks et al., 2020). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/428d754e7c651be6.json. mmlu, benchmark, hendrycks, 2020, iclr, evaluation https://sourcescore.org/claims/71ec42731d2c9e0c/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/71ec42731d2c9e0c/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT HumanEval benchmark introduced in paper: Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code (Chen et al., 2021). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/71ec42731d2c9e0c.json. humaneval, benchmark, codex, openai, chen, 2021, code-generation https://sourcescore.org/claims/a4fc4391a27f0500/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/a4fc4391a27f0500/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Llama 2 70B parameter count: 70000000000. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/a4fc4391a27f0500.json. llama-2, parameters, 70b, meta https://sourcescore.org/claims/8455a8b9d44fecbe/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/8455a8b9d44fecbe/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Llama 3 8B parameter count: 8000000000. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/8455a8b9d44fecbe.json. llama-3, parameters, 8b, meta https://sourcescore.org/claims/1a4cf45e8b967089/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/1a4cf45e8b967089/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT GPT-4o mini released on: 2024-07-18. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 1 primary source. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/1a4cf45e8b967089.json. gpt-4o-mini, openai, release, 2024 https://sourcescore.org/claims/cdc82d4d6c880ba3/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/cdc82d4d6c880ba3/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Claude 3.5 Haiku released on: 2024-11-04. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/cdc82d4d6c880ba3.json. claude-3.5-haiku, anthropic, release, 2024 https://sourcescore.org/claims/2d20c4a92620ba46/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/2d20c4a92620ba46/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Phi-3 (Microsoft small language model family) released on: 2024-04-23. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/2d20c4a92620ba46.json. phi-3, microsoft, release, 2024, slm https://sourcescore.org/claims/6aa7e9c75d084617/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/6aa7e9c75d084617/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT DeepSeek V3 released on: 2024-12-26. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 95%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/6aa7e9c75d084617.json. deepseek-v3, deepseek, release, 2024, open-weights https://sourcescore.org/claims/e27816c692a28ce9/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/e27816c692a28ce9/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Llama 3.2 (multimodal release including 11B and 90B vision models) released on: 2024-09-25. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/e27816c692a28ce9.json. llama-3.2, meta, release, 2024, multimodal, vision https://sourcescore.org/claims/97c04944b4c6345a/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/97c04944b4c6345a/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Llama 3.3 70B released on: 2024-12-06. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 1 primary source. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/97c04944b4c6345a.json. llama-3.3, meta, release, 2024, open-weights https://sourcescore.org/claims/bc1d6baa80070e80/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/bc1d6baa80070e80/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Gemini 2.0 announced on: 2024-12-11. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 1 primary source. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/bc1d6baa80070e80.json. gemini-2.0, google, deepmind, announcement, 2024 https://sourcescore.org/claims/930c3c71363acee5/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/930c3c71363acee5/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Grok (xAI) announced on: 2023-11-04. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 95%. 1 primary source. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/930c3c71363acee5.json. grok, xai, announcement, 2023 https://sourcescore.org/claims/118226d52c6f7491/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/118226d52c6f7491/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT GPT-4o context window tokens: 128000. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/118226d52c6f7491.json. gpt-4o, context, openai, 128k https://sourcescore.org/claims/409b828ed9f8410b/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/409b828ed9f8410b/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Sora (public release to ChatGPT Plus subscribers) released on: 2024-12-09. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 1 primary source. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/409b828ed9f8410b.json. sora, openai, release, 2024, video-generation https://sourcescore.org/claims/cf4cbf71dc7dd19a/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/cf4cbf71dc7dd19a/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Cohere founded in: 2019. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 95%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/cf4cbf71dc7dd19a.json. cohere, company, founded, 2019 https://sourcescore.org/claims/e5084c3f7023114b/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/e5084c3f7023114b/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT xAI founded in: 2023. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 95%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/e5084c3f7023114b.json. xai, company, founded, 2023, musk https://sourcescore.org/claims/4a2689e6230ef2e1/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/4a2689e6230ef2e1/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Common Crawl founded in: 2007. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 95%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/4a2689e6230ef2e1.json. common-crawl, dataset, founded, 2007 https://sourcescore.org/claims/fceea64fa7d04d3a/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/fceea64fa7d04d3a/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT ReAct (Reasoning + Acting) introduced in paper: ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models (Yao et al., 2022). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/fceea64fa7d04d3a.json. react, reasoning, agents, tool-use, foundational, 2022, yao https://sourcescore.org/claims/f191b2876790dc6e/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/f191b2876790dc6e/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation) introduced in paper: LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models (Hu et al., 2021). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/f191b2876790dc6e.json. lora, peft, fine-tuning, foundational, 2021, microsoft https://sourcescore.org/claims/767cbe41c961be1a/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/767cbe41c961be1a/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT QLoRA introduced in paper: QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMs (Dettmers et al., 2023). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/767cbe41c961be1a.json. qlora, quantization, peft, fine-tuning, foundational, 2023 https://sourcescore.org/claims/f8d64457ba9fd35b/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/f8d64457ba9fd35b/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) introduced in paper: RoFormer: Enhanced Transformer with Rotary Position Embedding (Su et al., 2021). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/f8d64457ba9fd35b.json. rope, position-embedding, transformer, foundational, 2021 https://sourcescore.org/claims/aede848e23c8de8e/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/aede848e23c8de8e/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE) for NMT introduced in paper: Neural Machine Translation of Rare Words with Subword Units (Sennrich et al., 2015). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/aede848e23c8de8e.json. bpe, tokenization, subword, foundational, 2015, acl https://sourcescore.org/claims/0d47bb8eb637a2e4/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/0d47bb8eb637a2e4/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT SentencePiece tokenizer introduced in paper: SentencePiece: A simple and language independent subword tokenizer and detokenizer for Neural Text Processing (Kudo & Richardson, 2018). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/0d47bb8eb637a2e4.json. sentencepiece, tokenization, google, foundational, 2018 https://sourcescore.org/claims/0d24c97977ebd744/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/0d24c97977ebd744/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT C4 (Colossal Clean Crawled Corpus) introduced in paper: Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer (Raffel et al., 2019). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/0d24c97977ebd744.json. c4, dataset, pretraining, google, 2019 https://sourcescore.org/claims/4aef1422b96df26c/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/4aef1422b96df26c/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT The Pile dataset released on: 2020-12-31. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/4aef1422b96df26c.json. the-pile, dataset, pretraining, eleutherai, 2020 https://sourcescore.org/claims/ea8b7be3a49101be/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/ea8b7be3a49101be/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT RedPajama dataset released on: 2023-04-17. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 95%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/ea8b7be3a49101be.json. redpajama, dataset, pretraining, together, 2023, open-source https://sourcescore.org/claims/bcdef949cc6d3644/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/bcdef949cc6d3644/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT CLIP introduced in paper: Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision (Radford et al., 2021). Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/bcdef949cc6d3644.json. clip, vision-language, multimodal, foundational, 2021, openai https://sourcescore.org/claims/0b0e64476bd25bd6/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/0b0e64476bd25bd6/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT DALL·E 2 released on: 2022-04-06. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/0b0e64476bd25bd6.json. dall-e, dall-e-2, image-generation, multimodal, openai, released_on, 2022 https://sourcescore.org/claims/79a7e980e59680bc/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/79a7e980e59680bc/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stable Diffusion 1.x released on: 2022-08-22. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 100%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/79a7e980e59680bc.json. stable-diffusion, image-generation, stability-ai, released_on, 2022 https://sourcescore.org/claims/f018fec775a8e941/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/f018fec775a8e941/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT EleutherAI founded in: 2020. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 95%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/f018fec775a8e941.json. eleutherai, company, founded, 2020, open-source https://sourcescore.org/claims/4d05fa0726841c32/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/4d05fa0726841c32/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Together AI founded in: 2022. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 90%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/4d05fa0726841c32.json. together-ai, company, founded, 2022 https://sourcescore.org/claims/c7c1ee139886cafe/ https://sourcescore.org/claims/c7c1ee139886cafe/ Sat, 16 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT AI21 Labs founded in: 2017. Verified 2026-05-16. Confidence 95%. 2 primary sources. HMAC-SHA256 signed envelope at https://sourcescore.org/api/v1/claims/c7c1ee139886cafe.json. ai21, ai21-labs, company, founded, 2017, israel